Challenges to India's Central Asian Policy

Absence of direct land connectivity remains the central structural weakness. Bilateral trade remains below potential because transportation costs are high. China enjoys extensive infrastructure and investment advantages. Russia remains deeply embedded in the region. Instability in Afghanistan prevents straightforward South Asia-Central Asia integration. Sanctions and geopolitical confrontation involving Iran can disrupt Chabahar and INSTC connectivity.

Indian private-sector awareness of Central Asian markets remains limited. Diplomatic declarations have historically advanced faster than physical commercial integration.