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Urban infrastructure is traditionally designed using historical rainfall return periods.
Climate change introduces non-stationarity: historical patterns may no longer reliably represent future extremes.
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Exam map
Syllabus & Relevance
Paper: GS-3
Theme: Environment
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Quick base
Static Foundation
Drainage designed for yesterday's rainfall intensity may therefore be undersized.
Cities need periodic revision of Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves based on newer climate projections.
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Rapid revision
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Answer Framework
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