Where does fat actually go when you lose weight? The answer is in your breath – and your sweat

Jonny Quinlan, Archie Belfield, University of Birmingham

In order to lose weight, most of us know it’s a matter of eating less and being more physically active. By putting our body into a calorie deficit, we “burn” more calories than we’re taking in – and so we lose weight.

But while most of us are familiar with how to make weight loss happen, we rarely think about where the weight actually goes when we lose it – other than off the scale and away from our waistlines.

If you’re not sure where the weight goes, you’re not alone – there’s even confusion among dietitians and doctors. But if you want a hint at the answer, you’re going to want to take a deep breath – and exhale.

When we lose weight, we primarily lose body fat. This fat has been taken from the foods we eat and stored by the body.

Any fat we consume, our digestive system breaks down into its smallest components, called fatty acids. These fatty acids are then transported around the body to help maintain its normal functions, including supporting cell structure, regulating hormones, protecting our organs and acting as a vital energy store.

The body stores any remaining fatty acids in the form of triglycerides. These triglycerides are then stored within our fat cells (adipocytes) for later use, such as when we need extra energy or when there’s limited food available.

We have two main forms of stored fat: subcutaneous fat, which sits under our skin (such as on our tummy and legs) and visceral fat, which sits deeper in our body (including around our organs). Most of the fat we lose is subcutaneous fat, as this is where most of our body fat is stored.

What actually happens when we lose weight

When the body is under metabolic stress (such as during a calorie deficit), it begins relying on its energy stores. The fat cells which have stored this energy receive signals from specific neurotransmitters and hormones in the body to trigger the process of lipolysis.

During lipolysis, the triglycerides stored in our fat cells are broken back down into fatty acids. These fatty acids are then taken up into our cells’ mitochondria (their energy production centre) where they are used to provide energy via the fat burning process of beta-oxidation.

The beta-oxidation process essentially cuts carbon dioxide molecules from the fatty acids, leaving a compound called acetyl-CoA. This acetyl-CoA is then converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an extremely important molecule which provides the energy needed for almost every process that happens in the body.

As a consequence of the beta-oxidation process – and the subsequent production of carbon dioxide that occurs – we actually end up breathing out the majority of the fat we lose during weight loss. A lesser proportion of the weight we lose is water, which is expelled in our sweat out.

Some researchers have suggested that around 84% of the fat we lose is exhaled as carbon dioxide, and 16% is excreted as water via sweat. But the exact proportions are difficult to estimate directly, due to the logistical challenge of measuring possible human outputs over the amount of time required to observe fat loss.

So overall, metabolic stress from diet (calorie intake), exercise (calorie expenditure) or a combination of the two can increase beta-oxidation (fat burning) to provide energy. When we lose fat, that fat is lost from our body either in the air we breathe out or in our sweat.

So if you want to trigger the fat burning process and lose weight, the simple age-old message remains. Eat a little less and prioritise healthy foods. Exercise can also aid in fat loss, as well as improve muscle mass.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.