Ease of Doing Research & Development in India Report by NITI Aayog

Background and key dimensions

• Weak Industry Participation: India’s R&D ecosystem is heavily dependent on government funding, while private-sector participation remains limited.

• Human Resource Challenges and Brain Drain: India faces shortages of skilled researchers, laboratory technicians and interdisciplinary experts despite producing a large number of STEM graduates.

• It also highlights issues such as limited career progression, inadequate fellowships and migration of talented researchers abroad due to better opportunities and infrastructure.

• Weak Commercialization of Research: Although India produces scientific publications and laboratory-level innovations, conversion into patents, industrial technologies, startups and market-ready products remains limited.

Analytical use

• Connect the development with its institutional, policy, economic, social, environmental or security implications only where supported above.

• In a Mains answer, separate the verified development from broader evaluation and use the named evidence precisely.

Way forward

• Base recommendations on the gaps and institutional responsibilities identified in the source-grounded points.

Introduction

Begin with the immediate development and identify the central institution or policy issue.

Body

• Explain the relevant static concept.

• Present the principal source-backed facts.

• Analyse significance for India and the syllabus theme.

• Discuss supported challenges or implementation gaps.

• Use one named law, report, institution, date or example from the evidence box.

Conclusion

End with a balanced, institutionally feasible way forward without making claims beyond the available evidence.